I've always been a big fan of music, and in recent years, I've lucky enough to work directly with quite a number of musicians on projects linked to my scientific work and that of various ESA missions.
Some have involved providing scientific consultation and conversation to help inspire and inform musicians, while others have seen me supplying imagery and making videos, to which the artists have set music.
Other projects have involved me performing on stage with orchestras, albeit talking about science rather than singing, dancing, or playing an instrument, and in a few cases, music (or perhaps more appropriately, "noise") which I've made has been incorporated into released tracks and albums by people infinitely more talented than me.
Much of this grew out of my involvement with the Rosetta mission, but it has expanded considerably beyond to encompass other ESA missions including Gaia, BepiColombo, Solar Orbiter, JUICE, and JWST, as well as things with a wider scope.
And of course, in some way, this also led to my co-founding Space Rocks with Alex Milas, an endeavour dedicated to bringing together people spanning space, science, engineering, astronautics with those from film, literature, art, philosophy, and especially music.
So just for the record (cough), I thought it might be worth collating some of my music collaborations here, at least to the extent that I can remember all of them. Where possible, I've added links to the works, whether as videos or tracks available on Spotify, for example. And for convenience, they're ordered by time in reverse, starting with the most recent projects. There are almost 30 projects, so I'll start with a few and add more as I have time.
AVAWAVES – "Colliding Stars" single for Earth/Percent Earth Day charity album (2023)
As you'll see from the list below, I've collaborated on several projects with violinist, musician, and composer Anna Phoebe, and she in turn collaborates with many others. In particular, she and Berlin-based composer, producer, and pianist, Aisling Brouwer, form the duo AVAWAVES. They have released two albums together, and have also composed scores for seveal films and TV series, the latter including Apple's "The Buccaneers". They also appeared together on an episode of our Space Rocks "Uplink" video podcast series in 2021.
In March 2023, I sent some more bleeps and bloops that I'd been making with my Native Instruments keyboard to Anna, and she said she loved them. She immediately wondered if one of them might form the basis of a track that she and Aisling had agreed to write as AVAWAVES for the Earth/Percent climate change charity co-founded by Brian Eno, as part of a compilation album to be released on Bandcamp for Earth Day in April 2023.
Flattered, I of course agreed, and as usual, Anna and Aisling made something wonderful out of my weird noises (and weird they are 😳), a track they called "Colliding Stars – featuring Prof Mark McCaughrean".
To make things even more mad, the album features songs by some other amazing artists, including CHVRCHES and Robert Smith, Michael Stipe, Coldplay, and Eno himself. Does any of that help with my Sabbath number, and thus my Erdős-Bacon-Sabbath number? (FWIW, I think my EBS number is a pretty respectable 9, but I'll have to document that another day.)
The music was only available on Earth/Percent's Bandcamp page for a limited time, and I can't find any archival copy of the whole thing now, although of course I have "Colliding Stars" – I'll have to ask if I'm allowed to share it, or if that violates the concept behind what Earth/Percent were trying to achieve with the album.
Charlotte Hatherley – JWST separation video & "Lonely Waltz" (2021)
Given my very long association with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, starting in 1998 and encompassing many years as a member of the JWST Science Working Group, this was a special one for me.
It was always expected that most members of the SWG would not be able to attend the launch of JWST on an Ariane 5 from Europe's spaceport in French Guiana, as the limited hotel and other resources in Kourou and Cayenne would be fully absorbed by political and other VIP stakeholders from the US, Europe, and Canada. However, as the launch slipped towards the end 2021 and into the holiday season, many of those VIPs dropped out, opening the last minute opportunity for at least a few of us to be there. Thus it was that I ended up 5 kilometres from the launch pad on Christmas Day, 25 December 2021, watching one of the last Ariane 5's lift JWST towards space and then the Sun-Earth-L2 point.
While the launch itself was spectacular, the rocket soon disappeared out of sight and hearing, meaning we then had to follow the following stages on video screens. Normally, that would mean watching graphics and numbers scroll by, but this launch was different – there were cameras on the upper stage of the Ariane 5 designed to relay back live video as the launcher fairing opened to expose JWST to sunlight and then to watch the folded observatory be deployed from the top of the upper stage. These cameras were built by Irish company Réaltra to be used on the new Ariane 6 launchers, but some were installed on JWST's launcher too.
The video that was seen live at Kourou and elsewhere was very broken up, albeit due to communications problems on the ground between Malindi in Kenya and Kourou, not from space to Malindi. That said, it was possible to see the key unfolding of the large solar panel on JWST, ensuring power to the observatory, as it took place over the Gulf of Aden – the cheering when that happened was very loud.
I flew home to Europe a couple of days later and by then, the full recording of the JWST deployment video made at Malindi, unbroken by the communications issues, had arrived back in Europe. As it was over the holiday period, I volunteered to make a version of the video to be released by ESA and partners, including a musical soundtrack and appropriate logos. I again turned to my musician friends for help, this time asking Charlotte Hatherley if I could use the song "Lonely Waltz" from her "True Love" album, a piece I'd been using in my talks for a while already. She said yes, and also gave me permission to change the tempo of the piece very slightly, so that some of the musical cues could align with parts of the JWST deployment. That felt like a better choice than changing the video speed slightly, as that's the primary historical event that was recorded.
The video was published on 30 December 2021 and can be seen and downloaded here – I'll leave you to judge how well the music matches the events seen in the video 🙂 A screen capture from the video is shown below.
Rik Cornelissen / TRIFID – "Sounds of Interstellar Space" (2020–2021)
Rik Cornelissen is a Dutch musician, composer, producer, and more, specialising in the playing the accordion across a wide range of music. One of his many projects is a jazz trio called TRIFID, where he plays alongside Vincent Houdijk on vibraphone and Maciej Domaradzki on double bass.
In 2019, TRIFID wrote an album called "Sounds of Interstellar Space", including some sonifications of space data, and premiered it on 11 October 2019 in front of an audience at the Space Expo, just outside the gates of ESA's ESTEC in The Netherlands. I wasn't able to attend that evening, as I was at a meeting in Geneva, but fortunately, Rik and TRIFID staged another performance at Space Expo on 24 January 2020, shortly before the world went bananas.
Near the end of 2020, Rik asked the then Director of TEC and of ESTEC, Franco Ongaro, if he'd be willing to write a dedication for the album of "Sounds of Interstellar Space" that the trio had recorded. Franco declined, saying that he was neither a musician or an astronomer, but suggested that Rik ask both me and Günther Hasinger, the then ESA Director of Science, both an astronomer and a musician. We both accepted and both wrote some words which appeared in the album.
Anil Sebastian / ILᾹ & Ingmar Kamalgharan – BepiColombo's first, second, and third Mercury flyby movies (2021–2023)
After working with Anna Phoebe on music for the second flyby of Venus by the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission in August 2021, I asked her if she'd like to continue the collaboration as the spacecraft was approaching the first of six Mercury flybys less than two months later. She declined, as she was busy with other projects, but suggested I ask Anil Sebastian instead. I knew Anil from his performance with Anna of "No Planet B" at the 2019 Space Rocks gig, as well as from a rather mad night out in Belfast for the British Interplanetary Society Awards dinner the same year.
Anil said yes, and also brought in their brother, Ingmar Kamalagharan. As well as also being a musician, Ingmar is Head of Education & Future Workforce at the UK Space Agency, so it was a good mix. Together they wrote music for the timelapse videos I made for three Mercury flybys, the first on 1 October 2021, the second on 23 June 2022, and the third on 19 June 2023. Anil changed their name to ILᾹ between the second and third, and you can read more about their work here.
For various internal ESA reasons, we weren't able to continue the collaboration with ILᾹ and Ingmar for the fourth, fifth, and sixth flybys, but I still hope that we can find a way of bringing all six flybys together with an appropriate musical piece before BepiColombo arrives in Mercury orbit at the end of 2026.
The screenshot below is from the second Mercury flyby, when the trajectory made it possible to kludgily align images from two of the MCAM cameras and create a more complete vision of Mercury floating past the spacecraft.
Anna Phoebe – BepiColombo's second Venus flyby movie (2021)
During my years with ESA, I did quite a bit of guerrilla image processing for various space science missions, including quite a few of the Rosetta NAVCAM images of Comet 67P/C-G alongside some work on Gaia, Solar Orbiter, and others. For the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury, launched in 2018, I worked on processing the images from the black-and-white MCAM monitoring cameras during quite a few of the planetary flybys the spacecraft made at Earth, Venus, and Mercury, and also turned several of those sequences into timelapse movies.
On 10 August 2021, BepiColombo made its second flyby at Venus, approaching within 552km, much closer than the almost 11,000km of the first flyby ten months earlier. Even though Venus was so bright that it saturated the cameras, we released the images and I made a timelapse. For the latter, I wanted to add some music, so asked my friend Anna Phoebe whether she'd be willing to compose something.
Which she duly did and which you can listen to while watching the movie here; the image below is a screenshot showing part of the spacecraft on the left and Venus on the right.
Frost* – "Day And Age" (2021)
During the pandemic, my friend and Space Rocks co-founder, Alex Milas, started a weekly late-night Zoom meeting for a bunch of scientists, writers, musicians, and so on that we called "Prog Chat". It was often remarkably unedifying, but also utterly essential to our mental health. One of the stalwarts of Prog Chat was John Mitchell, guitarist with the British band Frost*.
He mentioned that the band was looking for someone to narrate a track on their then upcoming album, "Day And Age". They had thought about asking Tom ("Doctor Who"), Baker, but he'd recently worked with another prog artist. I was then able to help connect them with actor Jason Isaacs ("Armageddon", "Harry Potter", "Star Trek", "White Lotus", etc.), who I'd met at a science fiction convention some years before and who had done several Space Rocks events with us.
So it was that Jason came to be the narrator on the track "The Boy Who Stood Still", and I snagged a credit on the album too. That made me one very proud Frost*ie.
Anna Phoebe – "Horizons" (2020)
As the pandemic continued, I spent a lot of time in my garden shed working, rather than going to ESTEC. To break the monotony, I also bought a Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol A61 keyboard to muck around and make some synthesiser drones and noises. At the same time, I made timelapse videos of clouds drifting over our garden in The Netherlands, free of contrails.
I shared some of these with Anna Phoebe, some 230 km across the North Sea in Kent, and she used one of those drones as the underpinning for a music piece called "Horizons", accompanied by a video that used my timelapse videos and some of her own. "Horizons" was released online as a single, with both Anna and me credited, in July 2020, and subsequently appeared on her album "Sea Souls" in 2021. The music and the video speak to the separation many suffered during the pandemic.
The track is available to listen to on YouTube with the video here, on Bandcamp here, and on various other streaming services here – on Spotify, the song has been streamed more than 166,000 times as of November 2025, but Anna still hasn't bought me a glass of wine from the proceeds yet 😬 The track was subsequently remixed by London-based Japanese composer and musician Hinako Omori and can be heard here, although I don't know how much of my contribution made it into her version.
The picture below is the cover of Anna's "Sea Souls" album, painted by her sister, Sophie McElligott.
Charlotte Hatherley & TJ Allen – "Traveller" EP (2020)
In another pandemic project, our friend Charlotte Hatherley collaborated with well-known mixer, producer, and engineer TJ Allen, to release an EP of music called "Traveller". Charlotte asked me if I could provide a space image for the cover, so I downloaded some original Rosetta data from the ESA archives, a sequence of images taken of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko with the OSIRIS camera in summer 2015, when the comet was at its most active near perihelion. I processed the data myself specifically for this project.
The EP can be played on Spotify here, with the still image cover. But for added entertainment, here's the sequence of images I processed, showing the dramatic evolution of 67P/C-G's inner coma over few hours. Please do not download and use this movie without asking for my permission.
Vangelis & Stephen Hawking – "It Can Be Done" video for Earth Day (2020)
With many people in lockdown and isolated from each other in the early stages of the global COVID19 pandemic in spring 2020, Vangelis got in touch and said that he'd like to find a way of releasing his tribute piece to Stephen Hawking more widely, as a reminder to people that we can overcome huge challenges when we work together, as Hawking's words in the piece say.
Working with our colleagues in ESA communications and with agreement of the Hawking family, we put together a video of archival ESA footage, showing our home planet from above and on the ground, as well as some astrophysics and planetary exploration material, accompanied by Vangelis' music and Hawking's voice. The video was released by ESA on 22 April 2020, Earth Day, and can be seen here.
Kate Moore & Icebreaker – "Magenta Magnetic" (2019)
In 2018, I came across a new musical piece called "Space Junk" by Netherlands-based Australian classical composer Kate Moore, and given the subject matter, I reached out to see if she would be interested in collaborating. It turned out that her father worked on a space debris monitoring system at Mount Stromlo in Canberra, and that she had also been an composer-in-residence there, hence her broad interest in space.
Earlier in the year, I had also been introduced by Tim Boon of the Science Museum in London to Mark Vernon and James Poke of the UK new musical ensemble Icebreaker, with a mind to perhaps staging a performance of "Apollo: Atmospheres & Soundtracks" by Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois, and Roger Eno at a future Space Rocks event. After many emails and conversations, including a visit by Kate to ESTEC to tour the facilities, a proposal was submitted to the Dutch arts council Fonds PodiumKunsten to fund a new piece of work by Kate that would be premiered by Icebreaker.
The proposal was successful and Kate's work "Magenta Magnetic", inspired by our conversations at ESTEC, was premiered at the GAIDA new music festival in Vilnius on 18 October 2019, as part of a concert by Icebreaker also featuring Eno's "Apollo" with BJ Cole and pieces by Anna Meredith and Scott Walker.
Unfortunately, plans for future concerts featuring "Magenta Magnetic" were shelved due the COVID19 pandemic, and as far as I know, it has not been played since or officially released. I have a full soundboard recording from Vilnius, and will ask Kate if I can post an excerpt of her beautifully evolving minimalist work here. For the time being, here's a picture of Icebreaker on stage at GAIDA.
Anna Phoebe – "No Planet B" (2019)
Our second big Space Rocks event took place at the indigo at the O2 in London in September 2019, and the headline act that night was the rock band Anathema from Liverpool. They were scheduled to have violinist Anna Phoebe play with them that night, and seeing that she had already been involved in work with other scientists, I contacted her in advance to see if she'd be interested in a wider collaboration.
A month before the event, Anna visited ESTEC, and we toured the site, including the Large European Acoustic Facility (LEAF) – unfortunately she forgot to bring rosin for her violin, so was only able to play some pizzicato pieces in there 🙂 We talked during the day and she went home to write a piece called "Between Worlds – No Planet B", about the fact that there really is no alternative to Earth, and that we should take much better care of it.
She created a music video from archival ESA Earth Observation footage, and performed the piece live with vocalist Anil Sebastian in front of the video at the Space Rocks event on 21 September 2019. She and Anil reprised the performance at the British Interplanetary Society's annual dinner in Belfast on 15 November 2019, where Space Rocks won the Sir Arthur Clarke award for education and outreach.
Unfortunately, there doesn't seem to be any footage from either performance, or the "No Planet B" video itself, available online. The picture of Anna below was taken during the Anathema set.
WDR Big Band & Jesse Passenier – "Outta Space" concert, Kölner Philharmonie (2019)
Via connections at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, I was asked to take part in a concert of the West Deutsche Rundfunk (WDR) Big Band, featuring a mix of science and music, held in the 2,000 seater Kölner Philharmonie on 28 November 2019. The show was broadcast live by WDR, hosted by Isabel Hecker and Johannes Büchs.
The conductor was Dutch musician Jesse Passenier, and he also composed two new extended music pieces, inspired by a day of conversations we had at ESTEC in The Netherlands. One piece was linked to the Rosetta mission, and the other to the relationship between distance in space and lookback time, something we played on during the show.
I wrote an illustrated talk about the scale of the Universe, which I gave in German (yikes!) in sections throughout the evening, interspersed between musical segments, including Jesse's new pieces and some space standards. There were also some video segments from German research institutes.
Charlotte Hatherley – "How Deep Is Your Love" video (2018)
In 2017, ex-Ash guitarist Charlotte Hatherley released her fourth solo album, the science fiction inspired "True Love". The first single, "A Sign", was released with a beautiful sci-fi video directed by Gavin Rothery ("Moon", "The Last Man", "Archive"), so as a long-time Ash fan, I reached out via mutual friends to see if Charlotte might be interested in collaborating with ESA.
That led to me working with Charlotte on a video for her dreamy cover of the Bee Gees' song "How Deep Is Your Love?", featuring her disembodied head floating over a bespoke timelapse animation of data from ESA's Gaia and HIPPARCOS missions, showing the future evolution of the Orion constellation as stars in the Milky Way drift around, made by ESA Gaia scientist, Jos de Bruijne. Imagery and video from many other ESA missions also featured.
You can watch the music video on YouTube here.
Charlotte also played at set at the inaugural Space Rocks event at the indigo at the O2 (the former Millennium Dome) in London in April 2018.
Vangelis – "The Stephen Hawking Tribute" (2018)
When famous physicist, Stephen Hawking, died in 2018, Vangelis was moved to create a piece of music in his honour, featuring the words from a speech that Hawking had given using his synthesised voice. A CD featuring this piece was given to all attendees at Hawking's interment at Westminster Abbey on 15 June 2018, and Vangelis asked us whether we at ESA could use one of the large ESTRACK communications antennae to beam the music into space on the same day.
We arranged for this to be done from the 35 metre diameter dish at Cebreros near Madrid in Spain, and I worked out that the nearest black hole to Earth, 1A 0620-00, would be visible above the site at the time when Hawking was due to be interred. Given his longstanding connection to black holes, this seemed like the obvious place to send the signal.
It also gave us a very tenuous answer to the objection that some people had about sending signals into space, as Hawking himself had warned that such broadcasts might be advertising our presence to hostile aliens. Our argument was that if we beamed the signal into a black hole, it'd then disappear. Of course, this was complete nonsense, but more importantly, we had discussed the concern with Hawking's daughter, Lucy, and she said that her father would not have objected. After all, we're sending signals endlessly into space, and this would add no extra jeopardy.
Stuart Acker Holt – "For The Record" (2017–2020)
Film composer Ilan Eshkeri introduced me to Stuart Acker Holt in the summer of 2017. Stuart is Netherlands-based, British documentary maker, and had been working on a project linked to the famous "Golden Record" of images and music curated under the leadership of Carl Sagan and Anne Druyan, and installed on the two Voyager spacecraft in 1977. Stuart wondered what kind of music an updated version of the Golden Record would contain, and was working with Ableton to interview various contemporary musicians, ranging from Goldie to Philip Glass.
We had a meeting at ESTEC and discussed a possible collaboration with ESA, and later in the year, I spoke on a panel with Stuart, Ilan, and Dutch electronica duo Spaceandtime, at the Amsterdam Dance Event. We then did some filming for the documentary "For The Record", which Stuart worked on during 2018. This also involved sourcing and clearing ESA space footage.
A draft version of the approximately 25 minute long film was shown publicly at the Melkweg in Amsterdam in February 2019, and again at ESTEC in April. The final version was completed in early 2020 and scheduled to be shown at film festivals in London, The Hague, and Berlin, but yet again, the COVID19 pandemic intervened.
As of today (November 2025), the full documentary has still not been released, but you can find a teaser trailer featuring some of the prominent musicians here. The image below is a screen capture from a part of the film where I'm speaking.
Simon Raymonde / snowbird – "Porcelain" and "Ambition – Epilogue" (2016)
After the success of the short science fiction film "Ambition" made to promote the landing of Philae on Comet 67P/C-G in November 2014, we decided to revisit that world to make another short, this time marking the landing of Rosetta on the comet and the end of the mission in September 2016.
We went back to Polish company Platige Image, and Aisling Franciosi returned to her role of "the apprentice", now graduated. The message of the film was that while Rosetta was now over, ESA and space exploration had much to look forward to, creating a contemplative ending to the story with a hopeful note. The film, "Ambition – Epilogue" was shot around Warsaw and directed by Maciej Jackiewicz, with less dialogue and more emphasis on the emotional side, and it felt like it needed music in the same vein.
I'd long been a fan of Cocteau Twins and more recently, of bassist Simon Raymonde's project "snowbird" with vocalist Stephanie Dosen, and their album "Moon". The album had been on endless repeat during our family holiday that year, and in particular, the track "Porcelain" seemed very appropriate our new Rosetta film, both emotionally and lyrically, including "We're spinning somewhere far and fast;
The universe expands; Spiralling down".
The universe expands; Spiralling down".
I contacted Simon to ask if we could use the song in the film and he very kindly agreed, sending us the original stems to edit into the soundtrack. You can watch the result here or click on the still below, and listen to the whole of snowbird's "Moon" here.
I still think it's one of the most beautiful and emotional things to come out of our Rosetta communications campaign, so much so that I used the film in my final talks to ESA's science and programme committees before retiring, to pass along the same message that even though good things may come to an end, there is life after. People actually cried, me included.
Vangelis – "Rosetta" (2016)
At the time of the deployment of the Philae lander from the ESA Rosetta spacecraft and its subsequent landing on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in November 2014, the legendary composer and synthesiser musician Vangelis wrote and donated three new tracks linked to the mission to ESA. Shortly before the landing, I visited Vangelis in Paris with my ESA colleague Carl Walker, and Vangelis said that he wanted to write a full album of new music inspired by the mission.
We had other meetings with him, and iterated on tracks and orderings for the album. I think I have three different versions, at least. We also suggested names for some of the tracks, and one of the ones I think I came up ( ireally should check back through my email) with was "Albedo 0.06", referring to the 6% reflectivity of the comet and, of course, also to Vangelis' 1976 album "Albedo 0.39", which is the reflectivity of Earth. We also suggested artwork mockups for the album cover based on some paintings done for the Rosetta mission, although in the end, he went with an outside graphics company.
The final album was released in 2016 and was nominated for a Grammy in the "Best New Age Album" category in 2017.
You can listen to the album on Spotify here. I have a signed copy of the album which I'll photograph and replace the image below with.
Frost* / Jem Godfrey – "Saline" and "Philae's Descent – The Director's Cut" (2015)
Anyone who knows me well knows that I'm a huge fan of the British progressive rock band Frost*. Currently comprising Jem Godfrey, John Mitchell, Nathan King, and Craig Blundell, I've followed the band pretty much from the start more than twenty years ago, have been to many of their gigs, and count myself as a happy member of their dedicated fanbase, the Frost*ies.
In 2015, I talked with visual effects wizard, Kuba Knapik, then of Platige Image, now with CD Projekt Red, Kuba had led the VFX work on our "Ambition" science fiction film for Rosetta, and I asked whether he'd be interested in working his magic on the data taken during the descent of the Philae lander to the surface of Comet 67P/C-G on 12 November 2014.
Specifically, the ROLIS camera took a sequence of seven still images spaced by ten seconds as it approached the comet at roughly a metre per second, and I wondered whether it would be possible to time interpolate those images into a real-time movie sequence.
Kuba did a brilliant job in doing so, and I felt it also needed a musical accompaniment. So I asked Jem Godfrey whether we could use part of the instrumental version of the song "Saline" from Frost*'s 2008 album "Experiments in Mass Appeal". Jem kindly said yes, and I think the result is one of the most beautiful things to come out of space exploration in decades (I may be a little biased).
Edd Blakeley – "The Rosetta Suite" (2015)
Another musical project inspired by the ESA Rosetta mission was a classical soundtrack album by the British composer and producer, Edd Blakeley. He created the album using symphonic samples, but hoped to later have it recorded by a professional orchestra. As far as I know though, that didn't happen. I'm thanked in the album credits for providing support as Edd was creating the album.
Atanas Valkov – "Ambition" original soundtrack (2015)
In 2014, we released a short science fiction film called "Ambition" to help promote the ESA Rosetta mission. The film was shot on location in Iceland by the Polish company Platige Image, directed by Tomek Bagiński, starred Aiden Gillen and Aisling Franciosi, and can be seen here.
The main film and teaser trailer included original music by the Polish-Bulgarian composer Atanas Valkov. He subsequently expanded that into a full soundtrack album, with the music from the film and additional pieces.
In addition to being one of the executive producers of the film, my voice was sampled by Atanas from some complementary documentary material and used in a track called "Visitors". You can listen to that track and the whole album on Bandcamp here.
Moon Duo – "Killing Time" EP (2009)
I was asked by the then San Francisco-based psychedelic rock band, Moon Duo, comprising Ripley Johnson and Sanae Yamada, whether they could use one of my scientific images for the cover of their "Killing Time" EP. The image shows a composite of four silhouette circumstellar disks in the Orion Nebula, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope, work done with Bob O'Dell and issued by the Space Telescope Science Institute as a press release in 1995.
